< Back

⏱️ 60 minutes left

Total Correct: 0 Band: 0

End Test

⚙️

Test mode :

• Instructions to follow 

• You should spend 20 minutes on Questions 1-14 which are based on Reading Passage 1 

• Tikopia

• A. There are still debates about the origins of Polynesian culture, but one thing we can ensure is that Polynesia is not a single tribe but a complex one. Polynesians, which includes Marquesan , Samoans, Niueans, Tongans, Cook Islanders, Hawaiians, Tahitians, and Maori, are genetically linked to indigenous peoples of parts of Southeast Asia. It’s a sub-region of Oceania, comprising a large grouping of over 1 ,000 islands scattered over the central and southern Pacific Ocean, within a triangle that has New Zealand, Hawaii and Easter Island as its corners.
• B. Polynesian history has fascinated the western world since Pacific cultures were first contacted by European explorers in the late 18th century. The small island of Tikopia, for many people - even for many Solomon Islanders-- is so far away that it seems like a mythical land; a place like Namia that magical land in C. S. Lewis, classic, ‘The Chronicles of Namia.” Maybe because of it — Tikopia, its people, and their cultures have long fascinated scholars, travelers, and casual observers. Like the pioneers Peter Dillion, Dumoni D' Urville and John Colleridge Patterson who visited and wrote about the island in the 1800s, Raymond Firth is one of those people captured by the alluring attraction of Tikopia. As a result, he had made a number of trips to the island since the 1920s and recorded his experiences, observations and reflections on Tikopia, its people, cultures and the changes that have occurred.
• C. While engaged in study of the kinship and religious life of the people of Tikopia, Firth made a few observations on their tattooing. Brief though these notes are, they may be worth putting on record as an indication of the sociological setting of the practice in this primitive Polynesian community. The origin of the English word ‘tattoo' actually comes from the Tikopia word 'tatau1. The word for tattoo marks in general is tau，and the operation of tattooing is known as ta tau, ta being the generic term for the act of striking.
• D. The technique of tattooing was similar throughout Polynesia. Traditional tattoo artists create their indelible tattoos using pigment made from the candlenut or kukui nut. First, they bum the nut inside a bowl made of half a coconut shell. They then scrape out the soot and use a pestle to mix it with liquid. Bluing is sometimes added to counteract the reddish hue of the carbon-based pigment. It also makes the outline of the inscribed designs bolder on the dark skin of tattooing subjects.
• E. For the instruments used when tattooing, specialists used a range of chisels made from albatross wing bone which were hafted onto a handle which was made from the heartwood of the bush and struck with a mallet. The tattooer began by sketching with charcoal a design on the supine subject, whose skin at that location was stretched taut by one more apprentice. The tattooer then dipped the appropriate points - either a single one or a whole comb into the ink (usually contained in a coconut-shell cup) and tapped it into the subject's skin, holding the blade handle in one hand and tapping it with the other. The blood that usually trickled from the punctures was wiped away either by the tattooer or his apprentice, the latter having also served by restraining a pain-wracked subject from moving, for the operation was inevitably painful a test of fortitude that tattooers sought to shorten by working as fast as possible. In fact, tattoos nearly always festered and often led to sickness - and in some cases death.
• F. In ancient Polynesian society, nearly everyone was tattooed. It was an integral part of ancient culture and was much more than a body ornament. Tattooing indicated ones genealogy and/or rank in society. It was a sign of wealth, of strength and of the ability to endure pain. Those who went without them were seen as persons of lower social status. As such, chiefs and warriors generally had the most elaborate tattoos. Tattooing was generally begun at adolescence and would often not be completed for a number of years. Receiving a tattoo constituted an important milestone between childhood and adulthood, and was accompanied by many rites and rituals. Apart from signaling status and rank, another reason for the practice in traditional times was to make a person more attractive to the opposite sex.
• G. The male facial tattoo is generally divided into eight sections of the face. The center of the forehead designated a person's general rank. The area around the brows designated his position. The area around the eyes and the nose designated his hapu, or sub-tribe rank. The area around the temples served to detail ms marital status, like the number of marriages. The area under the nose displayed his signature. This signature was once memorized by tribal chiefs who used it when buying property, signing deeds, and officiating orders. The cheek area designated the nature of the person's work. The chin area showed the person's mana. Lastly, the jaw area designated a person's birth status.
• H. A person's ancestry is indicated on each side of the face. The left side is generally the father's side，and the right side was the mother's. The manutahi design is worked on the men’s back. It consists of two vertical lines drawn down the spine, with short vertical lines between them. When a man had the manutahi on his back, he took pride in himself. At gatherings of the people he could stand forth in their midst and display his tattoo designs with songs. And rows of triangles design on the men's chest indicate his bravery.
• I. The tattoo was a way of delivering information of its owner. It’s also a traditional method to fetch spiritual power, protection and strength. The Polynesians use this as a sign of character, position and levels in a hierarchy. Polynesian peoples believe that a person’s mana, their spiritual power or life force, is displayed through their tattoo.

• Questions 1-4
• Instructions to follow • Do the following statements agree with the information given in the text? Write 
• TRUE if the statement agrees with the information 
• FALSE if the statement contradicts the information 
• NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
• 1. Scientists like to do research in Tikopia because this tiny place is of great remoteness. __1__
• 2. Firth was the first scholar to study on Tikopia.__2____
• 3. Firth studied the culture differences on Tikopia as well as on some other islands of Pacific.__3____
• 4. The English word 'tattoo’ is evolved from the local language of the island.__4____
• Questions 5-9
• Instructions to follow 
• • Label the diagram below. 
• • Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
• 
• 5. __5__
• 6. __6__
• 7. __7__
• 8. __8__
• 9. __9__
• 
  
• Questions 10-14
• Instructions to follow 
• • Complete the table below. 
• Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

• LOCATION ON THE BODY	SIGNIFICANCE	GEOMETRIC PATTERNS
  10. __10__ of male face	general rank
  11. __11__ of male face	prestige
  Female’s right side of the face	12. __12__
  Male back	Sense of pride	13. __13__
  Male chest	bravery	14. __14__

• Instructions to follow 
• • You should spend 20 minutes on Questions 14-27 which are based on Reading Passage 2

Brand Loyalty Runs Deep

• A. At almost any supermarket in Sydney, Australia, food from all over the world fills the shelves. Perhaps you fancy some Tick Tock Rooibos tea made in South Africa, or some Maharaja’s Choice Rogan Josh sauce from India. Alongside local Foster’s beer, Chinese Tsingtao and Indonesian Bintang are both to be found. For homesick Britons, the confectionary aisle is stocked with Mars Bars and Bountys, while for pining Poles sweets manufactured by firms like Wawel or Solidarnosc are available. Restaurants in Sydney range from Afghan to Zambian, catering for different ethnic groups as well as the rest of the curious general public.
• 
  
• B. All of this variety is a result of population movement and changes in global trade, and, to a lesser extent, reduced production and transportation costs. While Australia can claim around 40% of its population as the first generation, other countries, like Switzerland, may have fewer international migrants, but still, have people who move from city to city in search of work. Even since the 1990s, taxes or tariffs on imported goods have decreased dramatically. The World Trade Organisation, for example, has promulgated the idea of zero tariffs, which has been adopted into legislation by many member states. It is estimated that within a century, agriculture worldwide has increased its efficiency five-fold. Faster and better-integrated road and rail services, containerisation, and the ubiquitous aeroplane have sped up transport immeasurably.
• 
  
• C. Even with this rise in the availability of non-local products, recent studies suggest that supermarkets should do more to increase their number to match more closely the proportion of shoppers from those countries or regions. Thus, if 10% of a supermarket’s customers originate in Vietnam, there ought to be 10% Vietnamese products in store. If Americans from southern states dominate in one northern neighbourhood, southern brands should also be conspicuous. Admittedly, there are already specialist shops that cater to minority groups, but minorities do frequent supermarkets.
• 
  
• D. Two separate studies by Americans Bart Bronnenberg and David Atkin have found that brand loyalty (choosing Maharaja’s Choice over Patak’s, or Cadbury’s over Nestlé) is not only determined by advertising, but also by a consumer’s past. If a product featured in a person’s early life in one place, then, as a migrant, he or she is likely to buy that same product even though it is more expensive than an otherwise identical locally-produced one.
• 
  
• E. In the US context, between 2006 and 2008, Bronnenberg analysed data from 38,000 families who had bought 238 different kinds of packaged goods. Although the same brands could be found across America, there were clear differences in what people purchased. In general, there were two leading brands in each kind of packaged goods, but there were smaller brands that assumed a greater proportion of consumers’ purchases than was statistically likely. One explanation for this is that 16% of people surveyed came from interstate, and these people preferred products from their home states. Over time, they did buy more products from their adopted state, but, surprisingly, it took two decades for their brand loyalty to halve. Even people who had moved interstate 50 years previously maintained a preference for home-state brands. It seems the habits of food buying change more slowly than we think.
• 
  
• F. Bronnenberg’s findings were confirmed by Atkin’s in India although there was something more unexpected that Atkin discovered. Firstly, during the period of his survey, the cost of all consumables rose considerably in India. As a result, families reduced their spending on food, and their caloric intake fell accordingly. It is also worth noting that although India is one country, states impose tariffs or taxes on products from other Indian states, ensuring that locally-produced goods remain cheaper. As in the US, internal migrants bought food from their native place even when it was considerably more expensive than local alternatives, and at a time when you might expect families to be economising. This element made the brand-loyalty theory even more convincing.
• 
  
• G. There is one downside to these findings. In relatively closed economies, such as India’s, people develop tastes that they take with them wherever they go; in a more globalised economy, such as America’s, what people eat may be more varied, but still dependent on early exposure to brands. Therefore, according to both researchers, more advertising may now be directed at minors since brand loyalty is established in childhood and lasts a lifetime. In a media-driven world where children are already bombarded with information, their parents may not consider it appropriate yet more advertising is hardly welcome.
• 
  
• H. For supermarkets, this means that wherever there are large communities of expatriates or immigrants, it is essential to calculate the demographics carefully in order to supply those shoppers with their favourite brands as in light of Atkin and Bronnenberg’s research, advertising and price are not the sole motivating factors for purchase as was previously thought.

• 
  
• 
  
• Questions 15-19
• Instructions to follow 
• • Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D. 
• Write the correct letter in boxes 15-19 on your answer sheet.
• 15. In this article, the writer refers to food products that are sold
• A. at markets.
• B. wholesale.
• C. online.
• D. retail.
• __15__
• 16. In Sydney, shoppers can buy beer from
• A. China and Indonesia.
• B. India and South Africa.
• C. Poland.
• D. Vietnam.
• __16__
• 17. The greater variety of goods and brands now available is mainly due to:
• A. cheaper production and more migration.
• B. changes in migration and international trade.
• C. cheaper production and transport.
• D. changes in migration and transport.
• __17__
• 
  
• 18. The writer thinks supermarkets ………… should change their products slightly.
• A. in Australia
• B. in India and the US
• C. in Switzerland
• D. worldwide
• __18__
• 
  
• 19. The writer suggests that:
• A. the quality of products at specialist shops will always be better than at supermarkets.
• B. specialist shops will close down because supermarkets will be cheaper.
• C. specialist shops already supply minority groups, so supermarkets shouldn’t bother.
• D. specialist shops already supply minority groups, yet supermarkets should compete with them.
• __19__
• 
  
• Question 20
• Instructions to follow 
• • Write chart below – A, B or C – best describes the relationship between shoppers at one Sydney supermarket, and what research suggests that same supermarket should sell? 
• • Write your answer in box 20 on your answer sheet.
• 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
• __20__
• 
  
• 
  
• Questions 21-27
• Instructions to follow 
• • Which study/studies do the following statements relate to? In boxes 21-27 on your answer sheet, write:
• A - if the information relates only to Atkin’s study
• B - if the information relates only to Bronnenberg’s study
• C - if the information relates to both Atkin’s and Bronnenberg’s studies
• 
  
• 21. There was a correlation between brands a shopper used in childhood, and his or her preferences as an adult. __21__
• 
  
• 22. One reason for the popularity of smaller brands was that many people surveyed came from another state where those brands were bigger. __22__
• 
  
• 23. Even living in a new state for a very long time did not mean that shoppers chose new brands. __23__
• 
  
• 24. In general, food became more expensive during the time of the study. Despite this, families bought favourite brands and ate less. __24__
• 
  
• 25. Taxes on products from other states also increased the cost of food. This did not stop migrants from buying what they were used to. __25__
• 
  
• 26. Children may be the target of more food advertising now. __26__
• 27. Advertising and price were once thought to be the main reasons for buying products. This theory has been modified now. __27__

 

• Instructions to follow 
• • You should spend 20 minutes on Questions 28-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3

• Animal Personhood

• A. Aristotle, a 4th-century-BC Greek philosopher, created the Great Chain of Being, in which animals, lacking reason, ranked below humans. The Frenchman, Rene Descartes, in the 17th century AD, considered animals as more complex creatures; however, without souls, they were mere automatons. One hundred years later, the German, Immanuel Kant, proposed animals are treated less cruelly, which might seem an improvement, but Kant believed this principally because he thought acts of cruelty affect their human perpetrators detrimentally. The mid-19th century saw the Englishman, Jeremy Bentham, questioning not their rationality or spirituality, but whether animals could suffer irrespective of the damage done to their victimisers; he concluded they could; and, in 1824, the first large organisation for animal welfare, the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, was founded in England. In 1977, the Australian, Peter Singer, wrote the highly influential book Animal liberation, in which he debated the ethics of meat-eating and factory farming, and raised awareness about inhumane captivity and experimentation. Singer’s title deliberately evoked other liberation movements, like those for women, which had developed in the post-war period.
• 
  
• B. More recently, an interest in the cognitive abilities of animals has resurfaced. It has been known since the 1960s that chimpanzees have sophisticated tool use and social interactions, but research from the last two decades has revealed they are also capable of empathy and grief, and they possess self-awareness and self-determination. Other primates, dolphins, whales, elephants, and African grey parrots are highly intelligent too. It would seem that with each new proof of animals’ abilities, questions are being posed as to whether creatures so similar to humans should endure the physical pain or psychological trauma associated with habitat loss, captivity, or experimentation. While there may be more laws protecting animals than 30 years ago, in the eyes of the law, no matter how smart or sentient an animal may be, it still has a lesser status than a human being.
• 
  
• C. Steven Wise, an American legal academic, has been campaigning to change this. He believes animals, like those listed above, are autonomous - they can control their actions, or rather, their actions are not caused purely by reflex or from innateness. He wants these animals categorized legally as nonhuman persons because he believes existing animal-protection laws are weak and poorly enforced. He famously quipped that an aquarium may be fined for cruel treatment of its dolphins but, currently, the dolphins can’t sue the aquarium.
• 
  
• D. While teaching at Vermont Law School in the 1990s, Wise presented his students with a dilemma: should an anencephalic baby be treated as a legal person? (Anencephaly is a condition where a person is born with a partial brain and can breathe and digest, due to reflex, but otherwise is barely alert, and not autonomous.) Overwhelmingly, Wise's students would say ‘Yes'. He posed another question: could the same baby be killed and eaten by humans? Overwhelmingly, his students said ‘No’ His third question, always harder to answer, was: why is an anencephalic baby legally a person yet not so a fully functioning bonobo chimp?
• 
  
• E. Wise draws another analogy: between captive animals and slaves. Under slavery in England, a human was a chattel, and if a slave were stolen or injured, the thief or violator could be convicted of a crime, and compensation paid to the slave’s owner though not to the slave. It was only in 1772 that the chief justice of the King's Bench, Lord Mansfield, ruled that a slave could apply for habeas corpus, Latin for: ‘“You must have the body’, as few men and women had done since ancient times. Habeas corpus does not establish innocence or guilt; rather, it means a detainee can be represented in court by a proxy. Once slaves had been granted habeas corpus, they existed as more than chattels within the legal system although it was another 61 years before slavery was abolished in England. Aside from slaves, Wise has studied numerous cases in which a writ of habeas corpus had been filed on behalf of those unable to appear in court, like children, patients, prisoners, or the severely intellectually impaired. In addition, Wise notes there are entities that are not living people that have legally become non-human persons, including ships, corporations, partnerships, states, a Sikh holy book, some Hindu idols and the ‘Wanganui River in New Zealand.
• 
  
• F. In conjunction with an organisation called the Non-human Rights Project (NhRP), Wise has been representing captive animals in US courts in an effort to have their legal status reassigned. Thereafter, the NhRP plans to apply, under habeas corpus, to represent the animals in other cases. Wise and the NhRP believe a new status will discourage animal owners or nation-states from neglect or abuse, which current laws fail to do. Richard Epstein, a professor of law at New York University, is a critic of Wise's. His concern is that if animals are treated as independent holders of rights there would be little left of human society, in particular, in the food and agricultural industries. Epstein agrees some current legislation concerning animal protection may need overhauling, but he sees no underlying problem.
• 
  
• G. Other detractors say that the push for personhood misses the point: it focuses on animals that are similar to humans without addressing the fundamental issue that all species have an equal right to exist. Thomas Berry, of the Gaia Foundation, declares that rights do not emanate from humans but from the universe itself, and, as such, all species have the right to existence, habitat, and role (be that predator, plant, or decomposer). Dramatically changing human behaviour towards other species is necessary for their survival - and that doesn’t mean declaring animals as non-human persons.
• 
  
• H. To date, the NhRP has not succeeded in its applications to have the legal status of chimpanzees in New York State changed, but the NhRP considers it some kind of victory that the cases have been heard. Now, the NhRP can proceed to the Court of Appeals, where many emotive cases are decided, and where much common law is formulated.
• 
  
• I. Despite setbacks, Wise doggedly continues to expose brutality towards animals. Thousands of years of perceptions may have to be changed in this process. He may have lost the battle, but he doesn't believe he’s lost the war.

• Questions 28-33
• Instructions to follow 
• • Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D. 
• • Write the correct letter in boxes 28-33 on your answer sheet.
• 28. Why did Aristotle place animals below human beings?
• A. He doubted they behaved rationally.
• B. He thought them less intelligent.
• C. He considered them physically weaker.
• D. He believed they did not have souls.
• __28__
• 
  
• 29. Why did Kant think humans should not treat animals cruelly?
• A. Animals were important in agriculture.
• B. Animals were used by the military.
• C. Animals experience pain in the same way humans do.
• D. Humans' exposure to cruelty was damaging to themselves.
• __29__
• 
  
• 30. What concept of animals did Bentham develop?
• A. The existence of their suffering
• B. The magnitude of their suffering
• C. Their surprising brutality
• D. Their surprising spirituality
• __30__
• 
  
• 31. Where and when was the RSPCA founded?
• A. In Australia in 1977
• B. In England in 1824
• C. In Germany in 1977
• D. In the US in 1824
• __31__
• 
  
• 32. Why might Singer have chosen the title Animal Liberation for his book?
• A. He was a committed vegetarian.
• B. He was concerned about endangered species.
• C. He was comparing animals to other subjugated groups.
• D. He was defending animals against powerful Iobby groups.
• __32__
• 
  
• 33. What has recent research shown about chimpanzees?
• A. They have equal intelligence to dolphins.
• B. They have superior cognitive abilities to most animals.
• C. They are rapidly losing their natural habitat.
• D. They are far better protected now than 30 years ago.
• __33__
• 
  
• Questions 34-40
• Instructions to follow 
• • Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. 
• • Write your answer in boxes 34-40 on your answer sheet.

• A new legal status for animals
  Arguments for:	Steven Wise believes some highly intelligent animals that are 34. __34__ should have a new legal status. While animals are not humans, the law has a status for 35. __35__ already applied to ships, companies, and a river in New Zealand. If the legal status of animals were changed, Wise and the NhRP could file for 36. __36__, where a detainee is represented by someone else. Then, they could take more effective action against animal abusers.
  Arguments against	Richard Epstein believes the 37. __37__ of animals is important, but if animals had rights, the cost to human society would be too great. Others, like Thomas Berry, argue that rights are bestowed by the universe and not by humans. Furthermore, 38. __38__. species have an equal right to exist.
  Current situation in US	Although the NhRP has not 39. __39__ in having the legal status of any animals altered, it continues its struggle. Changing two millennia’s worth of 40. __40__ could prove difficult.

 

• 1
• 2
• 3
• 4
• 5
• 6
• 7
• 8
• 9
• 10
• 11
• 12
• 13
• 14
• 15
• 16
• 17
• 18
• 19
• 20
• 21
• 22
• 23
• 24
• 25
• 26
• 27
• 28
• 29
• 30
• 31
• 32
• 33
• 34
• 35
• 36
• 37
• 38
• 39
• 40